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Figure 1 | Comparative Hepatology

Figure 1

From: Differential expression of copper-associated and oxidative stress related proteins in a new variant of copper toxicosis in Doberman pinschers

Figure 1

Schematic overview of intra-cellular copper trafficking in hepatocytes. Copper uptake is mediated by the receptor CTR1. In the cell, copper can bind to copper chaperones such as CCS, COX17, and ATOX1 which in turn deploy to SOD1, the mitochondrial COX, and ATP7A/B, respectively. ATP7A can directly excrete copper or bind it to ceruloplasmin (CP). ATP7B can excrete copper through CP to blood or via MURR1 to bile. Furthermore, metallothioneins (MT) are present in the cytoplasm which can bind and sequester metals. [SCO are metallochaperone proteins with essential, but not yet fully understood, roles in copper delivery to mitochondrial COX.]

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Comparative Hepatology

ISSN: 1476-5926