Table 1 Characteristics of the patients.
From: The diagnostic value of biomarkers (SteatoTest) for the prediction of liver steatosis
Characteristics | Training group | Validation Group 1 – HCV before treatment | Validation Group 2 – HCV sustained responders | Validation Group 3 – Alcoholic liver disease |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of patients | 310 | 171 | 201 | 62 |
Age at biopsy, years | 48.9 (12.4) | 44.1 (7.2) | 43.6 (8.0) | 46.6 (9.8) |
Male | 201 (65%) | 111 (65%) | 122 (61%) | 47/62 (76%) |
Female | 109 (35%) | 60 (35%) | 79 (39%) | 15 (24%) |
BMI, kg/m2 | 25.4 (5.1) | 27.7 (5.0) | 26.5 (4.8) | 24.2 (4.1) |
Biopsy quality | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Length | 17.0 (6.2) | 16.6 (15.5) | 17.0 (8.2) | 13.5 (6.8) |
Length ≥ 15 mm | 205 (67%) | 82 (48%) | 96 (48%) | 15 (24%) |
Number of fragments | 2.5 (2.3) | - | - | 1.9 (1.6) |
One fragment | 128/278 (46%) | - | - | 37 (60%) |
Duration biopsy-serum, mean (days range) | 1 (0–30) | 40 (0–90) | 11 (0–45) | 7 (0–14) |
Liver Risk factor | Â | Â | Â | Â |
HCV | 211 (68%) | 171 (100%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
HBV | 18 (6%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
NAFLD | 69 (22%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
ALD | 12 (4%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
Daily alcohol = 50 g/day | 34/236 (14%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 62 (100%) |
Cured HCV infection | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 201 (100%) | 0 (0%) |
Metabolic factor | Â | Â | Â | Â |
BMI ≥ 27.0 | 92 (30%) | 88 (51%) | 77 (38%) | 14 (23%) |
Glucose ≥ 6.0 mmol/L | 63 (20%) | 30 (18%) | 27 (13%) | 20 (32%) |
Triglycerides ≥ 1.7 mmol/L | 67 (22%) | 36 (21%) | 54 (27%) | 20 (32%) |
Cholesterol ≥ 6.0 mmol/L | 61 (20%) | 12 (7%) | 26 (13%) | 23 (37%) |
Metabolic factor: number per patient | Â | Â | Â | Â |
None | 132 (43%) | 60 (35%) | 96 (48%) | 17 (27%) |
One | 101 (33%) | 64 (37%) | 72 (36%) | 20 (32%) |
Two | 52 (17%) | 39 (23%) | 31 (15%) | 19 (31%) |
Three | 22 (7%) | 8 (5%) | 0 (0%) | 5 (8%) |
Four | 3 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (1%) | 1 (2%) |
Liver steatosis grade | Â | Â | Â | Â |
None (0%) | 130 (42%) | 58 (34%) | 116 (58%) | 2 (3%) |
Mild (Score 1–5%) | 40 (13%) | 68 (40%) | 63 (31%) | 2 (3%) |
Moderate (Score 6–33%) | 69 (22%) | 35 (20%) | 17 (8%) | 42 (68%) |
Marked (Score 34–66%) | 36 (12%) | 7 (4%) | 4 (3%) | 12 (19%) |
Severe (Score 67–100%) | 35 (11%) | 3 (2%) | 1 (0.5%) | 4 (7%) |
Liver fibrosis stage at biopsy | Â | Â | Â | Â |
F0 – No fibrosis | 62 (20%) | 0 (0%) | 16 (8%) | 8 (13%) |
F1 – Fibrosis without septa | 127 (41%) | 102 (60%) | 136 (68%) | 23 (37%) |
F2 – Few septa | 52 (17%) | 39 (23%) | 33 (16%) | 11 (18%) |
F3 – Many septa | 36 (11%) | 19 (11%) | 9 (4%) | 7 (11%) |
F4 – Cirrhosis | 33 (11%) | 11 (6%) | 7 (3%) | 13 (21%) |
Markers (normal range) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
AST, IU/L (17–27 female; 20–32 male) | 83 (159) | 82 (57) | 23 (9) | 89 (83) |
ALT, IU/L (11–26 female; 16–35 male) | 109 (114) | 118 (94) | 19 (10) | 72 (88) |
Total bilirubin, mol/L (1–21) | 14.8 (26.2) | 11.1 (4.8) | 8.8 (4.6) | 21.5 (19.6) |
GGT, U/L (7–32 female; 11–49 male) | 112 (183) | 84 (96) | 21 (18) | 323 (443) |
A2M, g/L (female 1·6-4·0; male 1·4-3·3) | 2.4 (1.0) | 3.1 (1.2) | 2.0 (0.8) | 1.8 (0.5) |
ApoA1 g/L (1·2-1·7) | 1.4 (0.3) | 1.3 (0.3) | 1.2 (0.3) | 1.5 (0.5) |
Haptoglobin, g/L (0·35-2·00)* | 0.95 (0.57) | 0.78 (0.45) | 0.86 (0.43) | 1.39 (0.63) |
Glucose, mmol/L | 5.5 (3.2) | 5.4 (1.2) | 5.3 (1.0) | 5.8 (1.6) |
Cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.9 (1.3) | 4.5 (1.0) | 5.0 (1.0) | 5.4 (1.9) |
Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.5 (1.4) | 1.4 (0.8) | 1.6 (1.0) | 1.9 (3.1) |
FibroTest | 0.42 (0.28) | 0.47 (0.26) | 0.29 (0.20) | 0.43 (0.28) |
SteatoTest | 0.49 (0.25) | 0.53 (0.22) | 0.36 (0.22) | 0.58 (0.25) |