Glucocorticoids activate TGF-β induced PAI-1 and CTGF expression in rat hepatocytes

Comparative Hepatology

Table 1 Synopsis of the predicted TGF-β and GR response elements in PAI-1 and CTGF promoter sequences

Gene	Promoter motifs	Pathway	Promoter sequence	Ref.
hCTGF	GTGTCAAGGGGTCAGGAT	TGF-β inducible	-162 to 128	[14]
hCTGF	GAGGAATGCGAGGAATG	TGF-β-Smad3/4	-805 to +17	[15]
hCTGF	-	GR	-292 to +22	[25]
mCTGF	No direct binding, interaction with other TF (STAT3?)	GR	-897 to -628 (mouse strain specific)	[19]
hPAI-1	AG(C/A)CAGACA	TGF-β-Smad3/4	-730, -580, -280	[26]
hPAI-1	AG(C/A)CAGACA	TGF-β-Smad3/4	-732 to -721	[27]
PAI-1	MLP(CAGA)₉-luc	TGF-β-Smad3/4	Reporter plasmid	[28]
hPAI-1	-	GR	-800, -549, -100, +75,	[17]
rPAI-1	AGCACACACTGTTCT	GR	-1212 to -1196	[29]

Besides the transcriptional activation of gene expression through potentially response elements of single transcription factors, and apart from a cell-type specific composition of those transcription factors, a superior regulation is conceivable, e.g. a diversity in methylation sites or the condensation status of the chromatin. GTCTAGAC: TGF-β-Smad3/4 consensus sequence; GGTACANNNTGTTCT: GR consensus sequence; r: rat; h: human; m: mouse.